Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise Essay All religious authorities are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war. All politicians are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war. Therefore, all politicians are religious authorities. This argument is invalid because of two reasons. First it is an overgeneralization. How can someone actually say that all religious authorities are concerned about the dangers of nuclear war or all politicians are concerned about nuclear war? Has anyone polled all religious authorities or politicians? There can be a very few religious authorities that might think it will never happen, so there is no reason to be concerned about it, or there could also possibly be a small religious faction that believes that nuclear war will get rid of all the evil in the world and is Gods way of cleansing the world. The same can be said for politicians. Maybe there are a few that would want to start a war because of their selfish motives. One can argue that there are politicians in Syria and Iran that would love to bomb the U.S and Israel. Nothing was said about the politician having to be from this country. The second reason is that it is an illogical conclusion. One can not say that just because politicians and religious authorities share the same concerns that they will become one in the same. They just share one interest. It takes more than caring about nuclear war to become a religious authority. Religious authorities must go through a process that usually takes years of religious education, and practice. There are certain instances, of course, where some politicians are religious authorities also; however that is not predicated on the fact that they share the same view on one certain issue. â€Å"If the Social Security system is further weakened, the elderly will have to fear poverty. Therefore, if the Social Security system is not further weakened, the elderly will not have to fear poverty. This is an  overgeneralization and an illogical conclusion. It is true that if the Social Security system is further weakened, the some of the elderly will have to fear poverty, but not all of the elderly. Some elderly people are very wealthy. Other elderly people have family members who have made arrangements to take care of them and their financial needs. Of course, there will be a lot of elderly that will fear poverty without the social security checks they would be receiving once a month. Because of these reasons the argument is an overgeneralization. The argument is also an illogical conclusion because some people regardless of their social security will still be in poverty. Some people do not have a significant work history to receive a lot of money from the social security department. According to the social security department website, the average check for a retired worker is $1,294 a month. (Office, 2014) According to the United States Government the poverty level for a family of one is $980.83. (Federal Register, 2015) What must be taken into consideration is that some recipients will be well below the average social security check, and some will be well above. Those that are well below the average will be in poverty if that is all they are receiving. This argument does not account for the elderly that will not even receive a social security. They will have to fear poverty regardless of how weak or strong the social security is. â€Å"The anti-abortionists say that the fetus is human, but they have not proved it. Therefore, they have no reasonable basis for opposing abortion. This argument is invalid because of at least two reasons. The first reason it is not a valid argument is because it has been proven that the fetus is human after eight months. How could it not be human if it comes from two persons who have intercourse and conceive a fetus? This is the definition of a fetus according to Merriam-Webster an unborn or unhatched vertebrate especially after attaining the basic structural plan of its kind; specifically: a developing human from usually two months after conception to birth. In this argument, there is no mention as to how soon after conception the fetus becomes a human. Could the argument still be valid if it were eight months after conception? Another reason this is an illegitimate argument is that the argument wants a person to think that the  only reason antiabortionist oppose abortions is because the fetus is human. There are antiabortionists who have many reasons why they feel abortion is wrong. Some of the most popular reasons why some people oppose abortion are because of morality. They believe that the fetus is a human the minute it is conceived. Some people believe it to be divine intervention from God and humans do not have the right to go against Gods desires and plan. Many of these people are very religious in faith and to them it does not matter when doctors say the baby goes from being an egg to a human fetus. Another reason people oppose abortions is because of the safety of the person having the abortion. Some people feel it is an unnecessary risk to a womans health. Many women have died from complications directly resulting from abortions. Internal hemorrhaging is not very uncommon. Some women have indirect complications such as depression and anxiety. Some women have even committed suicide because of their mental health issues after having an abortion. For these several reasons, this argument is illegitimate. References Federal Register (2015) (Accessed: 21 April 2015). fetus | a human being or animal in the later stages of development before it is born (no date). (Accessed: 21 April 2015). Office, P. (2014) Social Security Administration: Social Security Basic Facts. (Accessed: 21 April 2015). Ruggiero, V. R. (2012) The Art of Thinking, a guide to critical and creative thought (10th ed.). New York, NY; Pearson

What Is Inside That Beige Box :: essays research papers

What Is Inside That Beige Box? Power Supply The +3.3V and +5V circuits supply power to all the electronic circuitry in the system (motherboard, adapter cards and disk drive logic boards), and through the port sockets on the motherboard that poke out through the rear of the case, to the peripherals that don't have their own power supply (e.g. keyboard, mouse). Power supplies are often overlooked, but are essential to the proper operation of your system which requires a good, steady supply of DC power at the appropriate voltages. These voltages must be constant, right up to the maximum current your system will draw under load. CPU The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the system. It executes all the program code from the operating system and the applications you run, and does most of the calculating and processing of data. It sends commands to direct the actions of all the other components in the PC and it manages the distribution of data to/from those various components. Inside the CPU are registers, arithmetic and logic units (ALU), a floating-point unit (FPU), control circuitry and cache memory. Registers are circuits designed to hold data so that it can be processed in some way by an ALU or the FPU. Cache memory is extremely fast, but small relative to the main memory. Cache memory is used to store the current set of working data and code. So when the processor needs to read the next bit of data or code, usually it can retrieve it much faster from the cache. On occasions when it must recall data from the (slower) main memory, the CPU is forced to wait instead of getting on with other operations. The CPU is the fastest component in your system. It works hard only sometimes, maybe when you play a game involving 3D graphics, or perhaps compile a very large program or run a very large spread-sheet; but most of the time it is just waiting for you to press the next key, or for the next bit of data to arrive from the Internet, through your modem. Main Memory or RAM (Random Access Memory) Memory is temporary storage where the processor can access program code and data. It is temporary because any information stored there is lost when the system loses power or is rebooted. A low or high (on or off) voltage state in those small circuits represents a "0" or "1", which are the only two possible states of a binary digit (a "bit").

Case study Technique Essay

In psychology, cases study is the use of descriptive research and analysis to obtain in-depth information about a person, group, or a phenomenon. Case study is conducted using techniques such as direct-observation of the person, personal interviews, psychometric tests, and use of earlier researches archived (Dunbar, 2005). Psychology uses a case study often in clinical research to explain an unusual occurrences and conditions of the patient. The conditions are contrary to the pre-established principles in the fields of psychology and clinical research. Most of the case studies are single-case design; however, there is multiple-case design where instead of using sampling, replication is the criterion for use. Case study in psychology ought to be valid, and reliable to help in the future psychological research. This paper explains the reasons, disadvantages, and advantages of the case study. Reasons for Using Case Study Case study allows the researcher to examine and gather information about persons in far more detail than if the research was on a large number of people. Although the case study is not a research method, clinical and psychological researchers identifies methods of data collection that is suitable for the case study (Goodwin, 1995). For instance, observation, interviews, personal notes, and officially documented records. The reason for the case study is to investigate into the private lives of persons with the focus of understanding them and helping them in overcoming the problems that they experienced in their daily lives. Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study Case study allows the researchers to collect detailed information about a person that is useful. The information would not have been obtained by the other research methods. The information obtained during the case study is richer and is greater in depth compared to the other experimental designs. Moreover, the research considers rare cases where large samples of similar people are not available. Scientific experiments on the person done during the process of study are also an advantage (Dunbar, 2005). The process enables the researchers to adapt to ideas and come up with a hypothesis that  will be a point of reference in the future research. On the contrary, the data collected during the case study cannot apply in a wider population. This makes the data not be useful in longitudinal case studies. In addition, some of the studies are not scientific in nature (Goodwin, 1995). They are only a generalization of the scientific principles. The study considers only one individual; therefore, the study is prone to the researcher biases. The bias of the experimenter can influence the conclusions more than in the other study designs. It is also difficult to prove the effect from the psychological case study (Dunbar, 2005). A case study is often prone to be more time consuming than the time used in other study designs. Sources of Case Study Data The case study research generates data from different sources. The researchers use field notes to record data that is already available in stored databases. The use of sampling where one person is examined to represent a wider group is also a method of case study data collection. In addition, questionnaires, observations, and interviewing are other methods used to collect case study data. In conclusion, the study tends to collect qualitative data. The psychological case study is important since it collects unique and in-depth data about a person. Mainly, the rare phenomena and conditions allude to case studies. Finally, it is vital to refer to the recorded data to ensure that the findings are accurate and applicable in the real life situations. References Dunbar, G. (2005). Evaluating research methods in psychology: A case study approach. Malden, MA: BPS Blackwell. Goodwin, C. J. (1995). Research in psychology: Methods and design. New

The Global Dimensions Of Culture - 2078 Words

INTRODUCTION GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE Dr. Hofstede performed a comprehensive study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture. In the 1970’s, as a Dutch researcher Dr. Geert Hofstede, collected and analyzed data from 116,000 surveys taken by IBM employees in forty different countries around the world. From those results, Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions of differentiated cultures. These include: Uncertainty Avoidance (UA), Masculinity-Femininity (MAS), Individualism-Collectivism (IND), Power and Distance (PD). After a further study of the Asian culture by researcher Michael Bond in 1991, Hofstede added a fifth dimension in his theory, Long- and Short-term time orientation (LTO), also referred to as the Confucian Dynamism. His research has framed how cultural differences can be used in professional business transactions. Geert Hofstede s dimensions analysis can show cultural differences that are meant to assist the business person in better understanding the inte rcultural differences within regions and between countries. Cultural differences between countries have strong effects on individual personality and behavior, as well as on organizational culture (Hofstede 2001). Failure to understand and adapt to these differences may result in undesired outcomes, which can have adverse effects on performance. In this paper, I will work to show the difference between Japan and the US based on Hofstede’s research.Show MoreRelatedInternational And Global And International Opportunities1069 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizations today are vastly becoming more global and international thanks to the advancement of technology. 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Since, the ship moves from one to another country, communicating with people from another country with different cultures is inevitable. Culture was defined by anthropologist as learning and sharing concept, value and belief or can be said as an adaptable systemRead MoreGlobal Leadership And Organizational Behavior Effectiveness1671 Words   |  7 PagesThe Project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness). The GLOBE research followed in Hofstede s footsteps yet also searched for additional dimensions (Cater, Lang Szabo, 2013, p. 446) as depicted and defined on Table II. In light of the GLOBE findings, earlier conceptualisations of culture have been reconsidered with respect to the impact of culture on leadership (Dickson et al., 2012 as cited in Cater et al., 2013, p. 447). 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Hofstede and GLOBE is similar, they both investigation the behaviour of organisations in different countries and across culture. But the way and research scope still quite different. In this report we will summarized and reviewed the theoretical dimension of various culture and leadership. Include the deficiencies in Hofstede’s work which the GLOB E study sought to address. Introduction Culture isRead MoreCultural Differences Of The Workplace1046 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment, leaders can get the most out a diverse workforce and be better equipped to compete in today’s global economy. To show how this can be done an overview of the research done by Professor Geert Hofstede will be discussed, followed by the examination of the differences and similarities between two different cultures and how they impact work relationships. 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